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Higgs Boson Particle or God Particle is the elementary particle in the Standard Model of the Particle Physics. The elementary particles in the Particle Physics are called as the excitation in the Higgs Field due to which they gain masses.  Higgs Field and Higgs Boson Particle was first proposed by Peter Higgs and more scientists in 1964. In 2012, it was confirmed by CERN where they did the experiment of ATLAS and CMS. In this experiment, two atoms were smashed inside the Large Hadron Collider and was observed that for a very short period of time, a particle was detected which existed for short and then further got divided into more particles.  This was the first confirmation of Higgs Boson Particle and lated called God Particle. Earlier, it was proposed that the Higgs Field is everywhere and the particle is a wave in a field. Now, the particle that interacts more with the Higgs Field, more it gets the mass.  Photons are called to be the least interacting with the Higgs Fi...

LLMs are large language models which are kind of deep learning models where it predicts single token or sequence of token that are relatable to each other. A token can be a word, a subword or a character.  These are built on a type of neural network architecture called transformers. Currently, ChatGPT, Gemini, Perplexity etc. all are based on it. These transformers are very large in size because of parameters billions in size. It uses encoders and decoders. Transformers use self-attention techniques where self is for input sequence and self-attention weighs the relation between tokens in the input sequence.  Training and Fine-tuning are other factors that contribute to better working of LLMs. NLPs (Natural Language Processing) are also important for the LLMs.  Issues with LLMs LLMs have issue of hallucinating, biases and using a lot of computational and energy resources. AI companies are massively using these which are creating shortage for common people.  Popular LL...

 You have been using AI for long period for solving problems. Now, it is getting specialized in use cases.  The type of AI which has a special use case with no need of supervision where it can do the tasks on its own. That is called your Agentic AI. This has been built on the base of generative AI to work in dynamic environment.  The key concepts that Agentic AI uses are Perception, Reasoning, Planning, Action, Reflection, Orchestration etc.  The best advantage we get are autonomous working, pro-activeness, specialization, adaptability and intuition.  You can say in autonomous cars, it uses real time data for path planning and navigation. Answering to customers 24 hours without failure.  There has been a lot of research going over this topic.  For more, Follow and subscribe us. 

There are different forms of energy. But, there has been speculation of an hidden form of energy that has been kind of hiding from us which constitutes a large part of our universe.  The universe has been found to be expanding faster than the speed of light. The traditional form of energy that we have found has been to be not able to provide that much of push. So, there must be something. This type of energy is called Dark Energy. Dark Energy is that form of energy that is not understood by us but it is fundamental in nature and drives the process of the universe. In Theory of General Relativity, there is concept of cosmological constant which says there is a negative of gravitation or empty space that is all over the interstellar space.  The researchers of DES and others have found that the universe is expanding not alone of known form of energy but some mysterious form of it. This is also related to Big Bang. Dark energy is told to be constituent of 68 to 70% of total univer...

Colossal Biosciences is a biotechnology and genetic engineering company that works on de-extinction of animals lost long ago. This company has got success at revival of Dire Wolf and Woolly Mouse. The company seeks to revive the important species like Mammoth, Dodo, Tasmanian Tiger and many more. The company was founded on September 13, 2021.  The one of the most successful project has been of Dire Wolf. For the first time in entire human history, they created three dire wolf pups named as Khaleesi, Romulus and Remus. The growth timeline is as follows: Neonatal, Transitional, Socialization, Ranking, Adolescence and Adult. Currently, age of Romulus and Remus is of 6 months and Khaleesi is of 3 months.  Colossal used the advanced multiplex gene editing technology for this. Their team successfully introduced gene edits at 20 loci and 14 genes. This was done for gene restoration. The team found LCORL (Ligand Dependent Nuclear Receptor Corepressor Like) in canids which was di...

In the field of robotics, there is crucial role of sensors out of which the LIDARs (Light Detection and Ranging Sensors) are very important.  LIDAR sensors send the light and detects back the reflected light from any object to estimate how much far away the object is based on the calculations. Laser is used as primary light source as it can bounce back on most surfaces. These are used to make maps of the area where the robot will move around for navigation.  There are different kinds of LIDAR sensors like 1D LIDARs, 2D LIDARs, 3D LIDARs and even 4D LIDARs.  1D LIDARs are most basic type of it because these emit laser in one direction at a time and a point for point cloud is created. A point cloud is a group of large number of points that create map of the area. 1D LIDAR then moves in other direction and make different point after that.  2D LIDARs are the better version of 1D LIDARs as if you are rotating the 1D LIDAR in continuous rotation to project it in a circular...

A NPU (Neural Processing Unit), also knows as AI accelerator, is a computing unit specially designed for the running artificial intelligence and machine learning models efficiently and effectively on a single motherboard with other computing units.  There has been significant rise in the use of NPUs in personal devices like smartphones, laptops, PCs etc. to do personalized recommendations and offline AI processing.  NPUs are capable of parallel processing, low precision arithmetic, hardware acceleration.  These have silicon architecture to kind of simulate the human brain working like human where instruction set of AI efficiently ran. NPUs are not for computing traditional problems as it lacks important physical capabilities. Because of these, AI systems are able to learn faster without wasting time and energy. The parallel computation feature give wings to matrix operations ease, activation functions of neural networks, dot product.  NPUs have got dedicated compute ...

There has been speculation of mysterious US aircraft that is capable of something very similar to alien technology. Even there is a patent over it.  TR-3B Black Manta or TR-3A or Astra is a highly classified black triangular aircraft that is explained like this in the patent: "A spacecraft having a triangular hull with vertical electrostatic line charger on each corner that produce a horizontal electric field parallel to the sides of the hull."   This patent is found on Google Patents with the inventor's name as John St. Clair. About the construction of aircraft has been explained as follows:  The triangular hull is in the form of complete equilateral triangle. There are two copper plates attached on opposite vertical sides at each of the three corners of the hull. In order to charge the copper plates corners to a high voltage, an electrostatic generator is use.  Beyond this, there has been claims that this spacecraft uses nuclear power to rotate highly pressurized ...

As you know, our earth completes a revolution every year and that's when we celebrate New Year. Likewise, there are cycles that affect out planet's long term climate condition.  Milankovitch Cycle was hypothesised by the Russian scientist Milutin Milankovitch 1920. In this, he said that the long term climate changes are affected by the change in Earth's relative position to the Sun. According to him, Eccentricity, Obliquity and Precession of the planet are the factors of this that change over long period of time. Ice ages are estimated to be because of this.  Eccentricity means the planet's orbit shape. This changes over time like increasing or decreasing. It has been found that it has been slowly decreasing over the period of the 100,000 years.  Obliquity is the tilting of planet over its axis of rotation. This normally results in changes of seasons. It is slowly decreasing over the span of 41,000 years. Precession is the wobbling of the planet over its rotating axis ...

Like the US has GPS (Global Positioning System), Europe has GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System), Russia has GLONASS (GLObalnaya NAVigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema) and China has BeiDou Navigation Satellite System, India has its own satellite navigation system called NavIC (Navigation with Indian Constellation). These satellite systems enable Google Maps, Apple Maps etc. to come into play.  NavIC in hindi means sailor. Earlier, it was known as IRNSS (Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System). It has covering range of the entire Indian Subcontinent region which is above 1500 kms and can be extended beyond it unto 3000 kms. Currently, it uses satellite constellation of 7 and planned to be increased.  The requirement of NavIC was realized when the US denied request of GPS during Kargil war. Afterwards, this project got approval in 2006 and ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation) began working on it.  NavIC has two usage. First is for SPS which stands for Standard...

In order to observe the universe, we need a telescope. But there is huge difference between a traditional telescope and a space telescope. A space telescope is able to observe things beyond imagination. In this article, we will explore about James Webb Space Telescope.  James Webb Space Telescope is largest telescope in space right now. It is built in collaboration of NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration), ESA (European Space Agency) and CSA (Canadian Space Agency). The purpose of James Webb Space Technology was to observe the formation of distant galaxies, exoplanets, discoveries related to formation of first stars etc. This telescope was launched on 25 December, 2021 where its destination was a solar orbit about 1.5 million kilometers from Earth.  This telescope is far different from our traditional telescope because it seeks out for near-infrared rays, orange and red light for observation. The telescope has 6.5 meter diameter gold coated beryllium primary mir...

On 22 October 2025, Google announced that they have solved a real world problem using their Quantum Echoes algorithm that did the work 13,000 times faster than current supercomputers.  This was the first time it has ever done where they used out of order time correlator OOTC algorithm. This  algorithm is verifiable since it can be ran again and again to get consistent result. They have released a scientific paper over this where they were able to do study of molecular structure using their latest Willow quantum computing chip. This chip used 105 qubit arrays to simulate the molecular behaviour. In this task, they disturbed one qubit from the simulated structure which lead to the formation of butterfly effect inside kind of like wave. This was first done in forward operations. After this, they ran the same operation but from the reverse side.  Both the sides waves start interacting with each other and give useful insights about the quantum nature.  According to Google...

What are XenoBots? Xenobots or you can say human made living lifeforms are the type of robot which are made of living tissues and cells to work at microscopic level for different purposes like drug delivery to specific part of the body, collecting microplastics in the oceans and seas to make a large blob, etc. These synthetic robots are made of skin cells and heart muscle cells derived from stem cells which are took from frog embryos. Here, skin cells works as protection shield for heart cells where heart cells drive the xenobots moving mechanism. The structure of the bots are designed in computer  simulation using evolutionary algorithms that uses trial and error method.  Xenobots are capable enough to move inside living bodies and have life of weeks. These bots are also able to heal themselves. Xenobots are able to work in swarm to execute large task to move some specific  material at microscopic levels. They have ability to self replicate new xenobots with same featur...

Titan is the largest moon of Saturn out of 274 known moons and only moon to have a dense atmosphere of the entire solar system known so far. This moon is so much big that it is larger than the Mercury planet. It was discovered in 1655 by Christiaan Huygens, A Dutch Astronomer, and it was the first moon of Saturn to be discovered. Saturni Luna was the name given by him. Also, it is the second largest moon in the Solar System after Ganymede, Largest Moon of Jupiter. It is also the tenth largest body in the entire solar system so far. Titan is composed of ice and rocky materials. It has liquid water rich in ammonia which has potential of life forms. The atmosphere of Titan comprises mainly of nitrogen and methane. Its climate is capable of rain and wind which further leads to the creation of rivers, lakes, ponds, seas, deltas, dunes etc. It has methane rain cycle somewhat similar to Earth's water rain cycle. Titan is basically the most similar celestial body in the Solar System. It ha...

Have you ever imagined what is the sheer scale of our universe and how the future of human civilization is. There is scale of things that can be framed in and outside of our Universe. In this article, we have discussed the same curious question. Kardashev Scale is the method by which we measure scale of a civilization about their technological advancements, developments, scale etc. is based on the amount of the energy being used.  This was proposed by a Soviet era astronomer Nikolai Kardashev in Byurakan Conference 1964 inside the article of Transmission of Information by Extraterrestrial Civilizations.  Type I, II and III are the original types by Nikolai Kardashev. There are others types too since these three are not enough for complete explanation of civilization's scale. Type 0 Civilization This type of civilization is not able to harness and use energy levels of 4 × 10 12  watts/sec, basically less than that. In other words, the civilization must be able to use all...